Обработка русских идиом эритажными носителями русского языка и изучающими русский как иностранный

Данное исследование посвящено изучению процесса обработки идиом нестандартными носителями русского языка (эритажные носители и студенты РКИ) в сравнении со стандартными (носители русского языка). Употребление идиом является характерной чертой речи носителей, которая отличает их от изучающих русский язык как иностранный. Стоит отметить, что экспериментальные исследования в отношении употребления идиом эритажными носителями русского языка ранее не проводились. Эритажные носители – это несбалансированные билингвы, которые усваивают русский язык в семьях естественным образом. Однако их уровень владения может быть сопоставим со студентами РКИ: язык эритажных носителей формируется в языковой среде, где доминирующим языком является английский (в рамках нашего исследования). Соответственно, русский язык является для них слабым. Чтобы сравнить обработку идиом у эритажных носителей со студентами РКИ, мы провели эксперимент по чтению с регулировкой скорости, учитывая уровень владения русским языком, а также социолингвистические особенности участников эксперимента. Идиомы в стимульном материале были разделены на три категории в зависимости от фактора межъязыкового влияния: имеющие полные английские эквиваленты, полуэквивалентные или не имеющие эквивалентов. Межъязыковое влияние – это ключевой параметр, который влияет на усвоение и обработку идиом в рамках нашего исследования. Наши результаты не показали существенной разницы в обработке идиом эритажными носителями и студентами РКИ. В то же время обработка идиом обеими группами нестандартных носителей существенно отличалась от контрольной группы (носители русского языка). Мы обнаружили, что все три группы участников по-разному обрабатывают полные эквиваленты и неэквивалентные идиомы. Помимо этого, эритажные носители и студенты РКИ демонстрируют разницу в обработке полных и полуэквивалентных идиом. Данные результаты можно проинтерпретировать, учитывая различные факторы: развитие определенных навыков у эритажных носителей (устная речь), сравнивая со студентами РКИ (чтение, письменная речь).

1. Abel, Beate. English idioms in the first language and second language lexicon: A dual representation approach. Second language research, 2003, 19 (4), p. 329–358.

2. Alexander, Richard J. Problems in understanding and teaching idiomaticity in English. Anglistik und Englischunterricht, 1987, 32 (2), p. 105–122.

3. Andryushina, N. P. et al. Lexical minimum in Russian as a foreign language. Saint Petersburg: Zlatoust, 2019.

4. Araneum Russicum III Maximum. URL: http://ucts.uniba.sk/aranea_about/_russicum.html (accessed 14 December 2020)

5. Baranov, Anatolii N. & Dmitrii O. Dobrovol’skij. Phraseological explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. Moscow, Eksmo, 2009. (In Russ.)

6. Beck, Sara D. & Andrea Weber. Bilingual and monolingual idiom processing is cut from the same cloth: The role of the L1 in literal and figurative meaning activation. Frontiers in psychology, 2016, 7, p. 1350.

7. Beck, Sara D. & Andrea Weber. Context and Literality in Idiom Processing: Evidence from SelfPaced Reading. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 2020, 49 (5), p. 837–863.

8. Boatner, Maxine Tull & John Edward Gates. A dictionary of American idioms. Barron’s Educational Series, 1975.

9. Bobrow, Samuel A. & Susan M. Bell. On catching on to idiomatic expressions. Memory & cognition, 1973, 1 (3), p. 343–346.

10. Bortfeld, Heather. Comprehending idioms cross-linguistically. Experimental psychology, 2003, 50 (3), p. 217.

11. Cacciari, Cristina & Patrizia Tabossi. The comprehension of idioms. Journal of memory and language, 1988, 27 (6), p. 668–683.

12. Cacciari, Cristina & Sam Glucksberg. Understanding idiomatic expressions: The contribution of word meanings. Advances in psychology, 1991, vol. 77, p. 217-240.

13. Caillies, Stéphanie & Kirsten Butcher. Processing of idiomatic expressions: Evidence for a new hybrid view. Metaphor and Symbol, 2007, 22 (1), p. 79–108.

14. Carrol, Gareth, Kathy Conklin & Henrik Gyllstad. Found in translation: The influence of the L1 on the reading of idioms in a L2. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 2016, 38 (3), p. 403–443.

15. Common European Framework of Reference, CEFR description. URL: https://www.coe.int/en/web/common-european-framework-reference-languages/the-cefr-descriptors (accessed 27 May 2023)

16. Chafe, Wallace L. Meaning and the Structure of Language, 1970.

17. Charteris‐Black, Jonathan. Second language figurative proficiency: A comparative study of Malay and English. Applied linguistics, 2002, 23 (1), p. 104–133.

18. Cieślicka, Anna B. Literal salience in on-line processing of idiomatic expressions by second language learners. Second Language Research, 2006, 22 (2), p. 115–144.

19. Cieślicka, Anna B. Idiom acquisition and processing by second / foreign language learners. 2015.

20. Cieślicka, Anna B. Bilingual figurative language processing. Psychology of Bilingualism, 2017, Springer, Cham, p. 75–118.

21. Cook, Vivian. Changing the first language in the L2 user’s mind. Effects of the Second Language on the First, 2003, p. 1–18.

22. Cronk, Brian C. & Wendy A. Schweigert. The comprehension of idioms: The effects of familiarity, literalness, and usage. Applied Psycholinguistics, 1992, 13 (2), p. 131–146.

23. Cronk, Brian C., Susan D. Lima & Wendy A. Schweigert. Idioms in sentences: Effects of frequency, literalness, and familiarity. Journal of psycholinguistic research, 1993, 22, p. 59–82.

24. Cutting, J. Cooper & Kathryn Bock. That’s the way the cookie bounces: Syntactic and semantic components of experimentally elicited idiom blendsß. Memory & cognition, 1997, 25 (1), p. 57– 71.

25. Danesi, Marcel. Metaphorical competence in second language acquisition and second language teaching: The neglected dimension. Georgetown University round table on language and linguistics, 1992, 7, p. 489–500.

26. Doğruöz, A. Seza & Ad Backus. Innovative constructions in Dutch Turkish: An assessment of ongoing contact-induced change. Bilingualism: language and cognition, 2009, 12 (1), p. 41–63.

27. Du, Lingli, Irina Elgort & Anna Siyanova-Chanturia. Cross-language influences in the processing of multiword expressions: From a first language to second and back. Frontiers in psychology, 2021, 12.

28. Evert, S. Corpora and collocations. In A. Lüdeling & M. Kytö (Eds.). Corpus Linguistics: An International Handbook, 2008, p. 1212–1248.

29. Fraser, Bruce. Idioms within a transformational grammar. Foundations of language, 1970, 22–42.

30. Gibbs Jr, Raymond W., Nandini P. Nayak & Cooper Cutting. How to kick the bucket and not decompose: Analyzability and idiom processing. Journal of memory and language, 1989, 28 (5), p. 576–593.

31. Gibbs, Raymond W. Spilling the beans on understanding and memory for idioms in conversation. Memory & cognition, 1980, 8 (2), p. 149–156.

32. Gibbs, Raymond W. & Nandini P. Nayak. Psycholinguistic studies on the syntactic behavior of idioms. Cognitive psychology, 1989, 21 (1), p. 100–138.

33. Gibbs Raymond W. A new look at literal meaning in understanding what is said and implicated. Journal of pragmatics, 2002, 34 (4), p. 457–486.

34. Giora, Rachel. Understanding figurative and literal language: The graded salience hypothesis, 1997, p. 183-206.

35. Glucksberg, Sam. Idiom meanings and allusional content. Idioms: Processing, structure, and interpretation, 1993, p. 3–26.

36. Glucksberg, Sam & Matthew S. McGlone. Understanding figurative language: From metaphor to idioms. Oxford University Press on Demand, 2001, no. 36.

37. Gridneva, Ekaterina. Lexical knowledge in Heritage Russian: Linguistic and Cultural aspects. Proceedings of the International Conference on Russian Studies at the University of Barcelona, MKR-Barcelona 2018, 2018, p. 571–579.

38. Hall, Christopher J. The automatic cognate form assumption: Evidence for the parasitic model of vocabulary development, 2002, p. 69–87.

39. Holsinger, Edward & Elsi Kaiser. Processing (non) compositional expressions: Mistakes and recovery. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2013, 39 (3), p. 866.

40. Hornby, Albert Sydney. Oxford advanced learner’s dictionary of current English. Sally Wehmeier (eds.). Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005, vol. 7.

41. Irujo, Suzanne. Don’t put your leg in your mouth: Transfer in the acquisition of idioms in a second language. Tesol Quarterly, 1986, 20 (2), p. 287–304.

42. Jackendoff, Ray. The architecture of the language faculty. MIT Press, 1997, no. 28.

43. Jakubíček, Miloš, Adam Kilgarriff, Vojtěch Kovář, Pavel Rychlý & Vít Suchomel. The TenTen corpus family. 7th International Corpus Linguistics Conference CL, 2013.

44. Katz, Jerrold J. Compositionality, idiomaticity, and lexical substitution. A Fest-schrift for Morris Halle”, Stephen R. Anderson & Paul Kiparsky (eds.), 1973, p. 357–376.

45. Kopotev, Mikhail, Olesya Kisselev & Maria Polinsky. Collocations and near-native competence: Lexical strategies of heritage speakers of Russian. International Journal of Bilingualism, 2020.

46. Libben, Maya R. & Debra A. Titone. The multidetermined nature of idiom processing. Memory & cognition, 2008, 36, p. 1103–1121.

47. Liontas, John. Context and idiom understanding in second languages. EUROSLA yearbook 2002, 2 (1), p. 155–185.

48. Lyashevskaya, Ol’ga N. & Sergei A. Sharov. Frequency Dictionary of the Modern Russian Language: Based on the Materials of the Russian National Corpus. Moscow: Azbukovnik, 2009. (In Russ.)

49. Makkai, Adam. Idiom structure in English. The Hague, 1972.

50. Marian, Viorica, Henrike K. Blumenfeld & Margarita Kaushanskaya. The Language Experience and Proficiency Questionnaire (LEAP-Q): Assessing language profiles in bilinguals and multilinguals, 2007.

51. Matlock, Teenie & Roberto R. Heredia. 11 Understanding phrasal verbs in monolinguals and bilinguals. Advances in psychology. North-Holland, 2002, vol. 134. p. 251–274.

52. Montrul, Silvina & Maria Polinsky. Why not heritage speakers? Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism, 2011.

53. Montrul, Silvina, Rakesh Bhatt & Roxana Girju. Differential object marking in Spanish, Hindi, and Romanian as heritage languages. Language, 2015, p. 564–610.

54. Montrul, Silvina. Current issues in heritage language acquisition. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 2010, 3, p. 3-23.

55. Mueller, Rachel A.G. & Raymond W. Gibbs. Processing idioms with multiple meanings. Journal of psycholinguistic research, 1987, 16, p. 63–81.

56. Nesselhauf, Nadja. Collocations in a learner corpus. John Benjamins Publishing, 2005, vol. 14.

57. Nunberg, Geoffrey, Ivan A. Sag & Thomas Wasow. Idioms, Language, 1994, 70 (3), p. 491–538.

58. Polinsky, Maria. Gender under incomplete acquisition: Heritage speakers’ knowledge of noun categorization. Heritage language journal, 2008.

59. Polinsky, Maria. Reanalysis in adult heritage language: New evidence in support of attrition. Studies in second language acquisition, 2011, 33 (2), p. 305–328.

60. Polinsky, Maria & Olga Kagan. Heritage languages: In the ‘wild’and in the classroom. Language and linguistics compass, 2007, 1 (5), p. 368–395.

61. Pollio, Howard R., Jack M. Barlow, Harold J. Fine & Marilyn R. Pollio. Psychology and the poetics of growth: Figurative language in psychology, psychotherapy, and education. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1997.

62. R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Vienna, Austria, 2016.

63. Rakhilina, Ekaterina, Anastasia Vyrenkova & Maria Polinsky. Linguistic creativity in heritage speakers. Glossa, 2016, 1 (1), p. 1.

64. Russian National Corpus. URL: www.ruscorpora.ru (accessed 9 December 2020)

65. ruTenTen. URL: https://www.sketchengine.eu/rutenten-russian-corpus/ (accessed 14 December 2020)

66. Scontras, Gregory, Zuzanna Fuchs & Maria Polinsky. Heritage language and linguistic theory.Frontiers in psychology, 2015, 6, p. 1545.

67. Sojka, Petr, Aleš Horák, Ivan Kopeček & Karel Pala. (ed.). Text, Speech and Dialogue: 17th International Conference, TSD 2014. Brno, Czech Republic, September 8-12, 2014, Proceedings. Springer, 2014, vol. 8655.

68. Sprenger, Simone A., Willem JM Levelt & Gerard Kempen. Lexical access during the production of idiomatic phrases. Journal of memory and language, 2006, 54 (2), p. 161–184.

69. Suchomel, Vít & Jan Pomikálek. Efficient web crawling for large text corpora. Proceedings of the seventh Web as Corpus Workshop (WAC7), 2012.

70. Swinney, David A. & Anne Cutler. The access and processing of idiomatic expressions. Journal of verbal learning and verbal behavior, 1979, 18 (5), p. 523–534.

71. Teliya, Veronika N. (eds.). Big phraseological dictionary of the Russian language: meaning, usage, cultural commentary. Ast Press Book, 2006. (In Russ.)

72. Thyab, Rana Abid. The Necessity of idiomatic expressions to English Language learners.International Journal of English and Literature, 2016, 7 (7), p. 106–111.

73. Titone, Debra A. & Cynthia M. Connine. Comprehension of idiomatic expressions: effects of predictability and literality. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 1994, 20 (5), p. 1126.

74. Titone, Debra A. & Cynthia M. Connine. On the compositional and noncompositional nature of idiomatic expressions. Journal of pragmatics, 1999, 31 (12), p. 1655–1674.

75. Titone, Debra & Maya Libben. Time-dependent effects of decomposability, familiarity and literal plausibility on idiom priming: A cross-modal priming investigation. The Mental Lexicon, 2014, 9 (3), p. 473–496.

76. Treffers-Daller, Jeanine, Michael Daller, Reyhan Furman & Jason Rothman. Ultimate attainment in the use of collocations among heritage speakers of Turkish in Germany and Turkish–German returnees. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 2016, 19 (3), p. 504–519.

77. Vespignani, Francesco, Paolo Canal, Nicola Molinaro, Sergio Fonda & Cristina Cacciari. Predictive mechanisms in idiom comprehension. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 2010, 22 (8), p. 1682–1700.

78. Weinreich, Uriel. Languages in Contact. The Hague: Mouton. Versión española: Lenguas en contacto, trad. de F. Rivera, Caracas: Universidad Central de Venezuela 1, 1953, p. 974.

79. Wolter, Brent & Henrik Gyllstad. Collocational links in the L2 mental lexicon and the influence of L1 intralexical knowledge. Applied Linguistics, 2011, 32 (4), p. 430–449.

80. Wolter, Brent & Henrik Gyllstad. Frequency of input and L2 collocational processing: Acomparison of congruent and incongruent collocations. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 2013, 35 (3), p. 451–482.

81. Yamashita, Junko & Nan Jiang. L1 influence on the acquisition of L2 collocations: Japanese ESL users and EFL learners acquiring English collocations. Tesol Quarterly, 2010, 44 (4), p. 647–668.