The paper elicits the questions concerning the borderlines of pragmatics, and analyzes some ways of resolving these questions. Contemporary pragmatics seems to be a distinct area of investigation, bringing together different, often conflicting theories and putting them under the same name; this makes it difficult to develop pragmatics on the whole, as an integral part of linguistics. Presumably, the cause of it lies in an unreasonably high degree of abstractness that is characteristic of the investigative area outlined by the founders of semiotics, primarily by Charles Pierce and Charles Morris. The paper suggests that pragmatics is one unified field, and the branches within it - as having stemmed from different strategies applied to specify the under-defined field. Each step of the way was began with conceiving some theoretical opacity, followed by posing the corresponding question, searching for an answer, and reaching the most appropriate solution. Since pragmatic phenomena are rather complicated, the process of further specification seems to be step-like. It presumably starts with primary questions about the borderlines, and then passes over to more specific notions and theories. This means that considering the borderlines of pragmatics is inseparable from considering its scope; one cannot speak about the former without taking into account the latter because every scientific borderline is inevitably drawn along some conceptual traces of previous research. Therefore, the question about the scope is also important, but only as far as it is substantial for discussing the borderlines. No doubt, the scope of pragmatics needs a more detailed analysis; so, it is necessary to study the links between different research areas in pragmatics.

TXM platform provides a wide range of corpus analysis tools including correspondence analysis, clustering, lexical table construction, and parametrized subcorpus selection. The default structural unit of analysis for TXM is a token. The only TXM extension available by default is TreeTagger which performs automated morphological analysis and lemmatization during the corpus import process. However, it is possible to supply each token with a number of features enabling a more advanced text analysis. In this work we present a number of tools developed for even a more extensive, complex and flexible corpus analysis with TXM relying both on the tools previously developed by our team and on publicly available software libraries. We focus in particular on a stemming technique that uses a word structural pattern method and on noun phrase recognition that together make it possible to perform more sophisticated and powerful queries and analyses of the corpus not limited to word forms. The structural pattern stemming method is based on a set of specific language rules that allow separating a word stem from all affixes. The recognition of noun phrases is based on rules allowing the detection of subordination and coordination relations among nouns. These extensions result in the improvement of performance of statistical tools used by TXM, such as specificity scores and correspondence analysis. The new set of tools has been tested on a corpus including texts marked as «extremist» by experts along with «neutral» texts in similar domains. The corpus of approximately 900,000 words is divided into eight subcorpora: neutral texts oppose seven thematic subcorpora considered as extremist (namely aggressive, fascist, ideological, nationalistic, religious, separatist, and terroristic). The specificity analysis detects the words (or other structural units) that are significantly more or less frequent in a given subcorpus compared to the entire corpus. The specificity score for selected units can be compared across all the subcorpora in order to verify their difference or similarity. The correspondence analysis produces a chart where the subcorpora are represented as points in a two-dimensional space based on their similarity as to the frequency of selected units. All tests demonstrated a significant difference between neutral texts, on one side, and marked, on the other. Two «extremist» subcorpora, religious and ideological, demonstrated similar results and can probably be merged. These facts encourage further research on fully automatic or computer-aided expert recognition of extremist texts.

The paper analyses current computer Sign Language translation systems. Their advantages and disadvantages are detected. The main drawback is the lack of original text semantic analysis module capable of solving the task of disambiguation. A general scheme of translation system from phonic Russian to Russian Sign language including a module for semantic analysis is presented. It includes a block of source code analysis, developed by the authors, responsible for handling the semantic component of the Russian language. The semantic module relies on Tuzov’s dictionary. The semantic analysis algorithm is also described. The text analysis is completed when each word gets only one semantic description thus solving the problem of ambiguity. The most important developments of the semantic analysis module include the following: expanded collection of gestures, parsing of complex sentences, account in the algorithm analyses predicates classifier of Russian Sign Language. Testing of algorithm is made. The article compares the existing systems of computer translation from phonic to the sign language. The advantages and disadvantages of the considered systems are revealed and a conclusion is made about the need to take into account the semantic aspect of the translation process. A technology of semantic analysis is suggested. The model to choose an adequate meaning of a polysemic word or homonym on the basis of the automatic text processing system «Dialing» is described. Examples of the use of the software are given. The questions of testing the working capacity of the semantic analysis module are given due attention too. To enhance its efficiency, the system of semantic analysis was added to the translation system «Surdophone». To verify the efficiency of the semantic module’s operation, a comparison is made with the definition of some words’ semantic meanings by the systems «Yandex Translator» and «Google Translator». The present system showed its advantage in more complex cases. Also, the base of gestures of the RSL whose names are homonyms and polysemic words of the Russian language, were added and the features of their performance were revealed.

The paper discusses the theoretical and methodological prerequisites for the creation of a general theory of linguistic consciousness, including a set of experiments capable of testing it and possibly of verifying the validity of some of its points. The main idea of such a theory of linguistic consciousness is a parallel and interconnected analysis of external (social) and internal (personal) factors in their way to impact language which must be viewed from the anthropocentric perspective. A general theory of linguistic consciousness should incorporate: 1. a theory of language as an individual phenomenon, as a group one and as an abstract scientific semiotic system; 2. universal methods of describing any aspects and forms of existence of an object; 3. principles from which the phenomenological properties of the object and the methodological characteristics of the theory are deduced. The provisions of the theory and the underlying experimental research will allow us to determine how the internal (emotions, values, etc.) and external (age, profession, etc.) conditions will cause changes of the word meanings and of their interconnections.

The article deals with the psycholinguistic aspect of the language situation. The main object of the article is the term «linguistic consciousness» considered as a linguocultural component of the language situation. The author analyses the specific features of linguistic consciousness of the modern bilingual Tuvans. Two levels of analysis are presented: structural and conceptual.

The article deals with the imperative, one of the moods, which has a large scope of semantic and pragmatic functions. The author analyses the grammatical status of the imperative and the structure of its paradigm, proving its categorical belonging to both morphology and syntax. The main components of its semantics and the restrictions in the imperative forms usage are revealed and described. The semantics of the imperative is presented in connection with the future time orientation so that we can observe the synonymy of forms and constructions which express imperativeness through actualizing the meaning of the motivation for an action. The usage of the imperative forms in different speech acts is analyzed.

The article is devoted to a contrastive analysis of the categories of good and evil / right and wrong in the French and Russian mentality. These notions belong to the basic worldview categories. In the formation of these concepts, mythological substrata, philosophical systems of different epochs, and religious doctrines also take part. The result of the study shows that the Russian conception of good and evil was mostly influenced by Christianity, while the French one -- by the antiquity. This determines the characteristics of all the concepts derived. The most striking differences between the French mentality and the Russian one are seen in the analysis of a concept that sounds like good ( dobro ) in Russian. In the French ordinary consciousness, it is quite different (as well as kindness). We associate this fact with the specific interpretation in the French culture of the concept of disinterested action. Undoubtedly, it is present in the French mind, due to Christian principles, but in everyday consciousness the ideas connected with pragmatic activity aimed at human prosperity (good) turn out to be more prominent. This is confirmed not only by the infringement of the concept of good in the French language, which is seen in compatibility, but also by special meanings, which appear in the fortune , occasion , vérité , accentuating the good. Epithets characterizing human behavior from the point of view of this particular moral category («good, kind») are also replaced by epithets that describe not the essence of temper but socially significant manifestations of it. We associate this difference between two cultures with the ascent of these concepts to fundamentally different origins.

Augmentativity as one of the components of the quantity category produces a subjective and evaluative meaning of big size or an extensively expressed feature. The main way of expressing augmentativity in Tundra Yukaghir is an augmentative affix -tege and its variant -tke . The augmentative meaning of the affix can be realized with the help of nouns, verbs, modal particles and interjective-modal words. The augmentatives are classified by their meaning and belonging of their stem to the parts of speech. The specificity of the marker -tege и -tke is in the fact of using one of them depending on a final sound of the root or stem.

The article deals with mononuclear interrogative conditional constructions in Catalan (in comparison with Spanish and French), a topic addressed for the first time in a separate study. The tense and voice uses in these constructions, their transformations into two-predicate constructions, and their meanings are examined in detail. Conclusions about the differences in tense use are made, constructions with positive and negative meanings are analyzed. The following conclusions are made: One-predicate conditional constructions are characteristic of interrogative, but not of declarative utterances. One-predicate conditional constructions can be split into those that elide the main clause and those that do not. Elliptical constructions imply the meaning of consequence, while non-elliptical constructions do not. One-predicate interrogative conditional constructions normally begin with a special marker, a conjunction combination - i si in Catalan, y si in Spanish, and et si in French. Interrogative conditional constructions with main clause ellipsis can express both real and unreal condition in the present, past or future by means of tenses and moods. The use of tenses and moods in constructions with main clause ellipsis in the three targeted languages mostly coincide. The differences can be summed up as follows. In Catalan and Spanish, the imperfect of the conjunctive generally corresponds to the imperfect of the indicative in French. In Catalan and Spanish, the pluperfect of the conjunctive is opposed to the pluperfect of the indicative in French. The same difference is also true of non-interrogative conditional constructions. In Catalan and Spanish, non-elliptical interrogative conditional constructions use imperfect subjunctives as opposed to French where imperfect indicatives occur instead. Elliptical one-predicate interrogative conditional constructions address events whose realization or consequences are not obvious to the speaker, or low-probability events. Such constructions mostly express negative meaning. Non-elliptical one-predicate interrogative conditional constructions express request, suggestion, or advice.

The purpose of the study is to analyze two Russian titles of J. Austen’s novel Sense and Sensibility translated by Irina G. Gurova (1988) and Alla Yu. Frolova (2013). The meanings of the lexemes sense and sensibility in English (in the 18-19^th centuries and nowadays) are compared with the meanings of their corresponding translations in the modern Russian language. The most important meanings of the Russian lexemes are identified by using associative databases: Russian regional associative dictionary-thesaurus EVRAS (Institute of Linguistics, RAS) and Russian regional associative database SIBAS (Institute of Linguistics, RAS; Institute of Philology, SB RAS; Novosibirsk State University). In the conclusion «Разум и чувство» [razum i chuvstvo] (i.e. Reason and Feeling ) by Alla Yu. Frolova is argued to be the best relevant translation of the novel title. The author of the article also suggests her own possible Russian versions of the novel title, not only taking into account the opposition of the rational and irrational components, but also reflecting the alliteration that takes place in the English original. The analysis is a part of a larger research based on studying the full-text versions of J. Austen’s novel Sense and Sensibility done by Russian and French translators.

Famous South Korean writer Park Kyongni’s novel «Daughters of Pharmacist Kim» covers the period from the end of the 19^th century to the beginning of the 20^th century which was tragic for Korean people and their social norms because of the Japanese occupation. It depicts particularly the religious beliefs of Korean people, the relationships in the society and the family, the role of the woman, and the daily life of people of different social groups (aristocrats, the wealthy, servants). The objective of this article is to critically analyze the translation of the novel that touches upon many phenomena exotic for most Russian readers, such as the national identity of Korean culture or the material and spiritual life of Korean society. The comparison of the Korean and the Russian texts shows that the translation of some ethnographic realia does not quite match the original. For example, some words related to the following phenomena are translated incorrectly: Korean traditional underfloor heating (ondol), superstitions, Koreans’ religious beliefs and their perception of ancestors’ spirits, supernatural forces, mourning ceremonies, and attire worn to a funeral. In addition to believing in ancestors’ spirits, Koreans also believed in prophecies. For example, children of someone who died of arsenic poisoning were believed to be destined to leave no male offspring. This prophecy comes true in the novel: Pharmacist Kim’s first son dies in childhood and six daughters are born afterwards. Koreans paid special attention to shamans and believed in their supernatural essence. To this day, Koreans’ religious beliefs dating back to ancient times and various folk beliefs peacefully coexist with other world religions. In modern South Korea, people still observe customs and traditions related to funeral rites and wakes, they fear and revere the spirits of the dead, and perform «feeding ancestors’ spirits» ceremonies twice a year on certain days chosen according to the lunar calendar. In addition to the shortcomings of the Russian translation described above, some dialectal items of the Southern province Kyungsan-do are translated incorrectly, and so are occasionally rendered the rules of the traditional verbal etiquette. It may be considered as a gross error because the latter are anchored in the very essence of Korean language and make up an important part of Korean mentality. Conclusion . So, this analysis of conveying background information through Korean realia in the novel «Daughters of Pharmacist Kim» confirms the theorists’ conclusion that the translator must know background cultural information of the source text. Errors and flaws found in the translation of some ethnographic realia show that those errors and flaws are not likely to affect significantly the novel’s content or its artistic value. At the same time, the fictional quality of the novel is affected by the lack of translator’s knowledge of its dialectal peculiarities and some facts of non-material culture related to customs, elements of cult and public relations among Koreans. All of the above leads to the incorrect perception of some cultural realia of Korea described in the novel of Korean classic writer Park Kyongni.