The article dwells on stylistic features of the epistolary genre of Russian scientific intelligentsia with A. A. Shakhmatov’s and his colleagues’ letters as a case of study. The letters were written at the turn of the 19th–20th centuries – the pivotal stage between the two empires – and demonstrate the corresponding authors’ scientific interests, social-political views, and their daily round. It is made clear that the etiquette of writing letters assumed empressement, namely: infallible form of address with the capital letter “You”, sending one’s regards and love to relatives, avoiding negative epithets, and making positive assessments even while describing negative circumstances. Swear words and demonstration of salient negative emotions were used by way of exception. As a rule, the authors’ outrage was expressed through punctuation (exclamation marks, dots). The epistolary genre of Russian scientific intelligentsia of the turn of the19th–20th centuries is a unique specimen of communicative acts civility and benevolence. With the authors’ death, the respective letter-writing style became obsolete. Apart from the messages stylistics, details of daily round and living conditions characteristic of the time concerned are taken into consideration. The content of the letters in question testifies to the fact that both prior and after the milestone year of 1917, Russian scientific intelligentsia lived in meager conditions. The authors wrote ever and again about their scanty financial situation, although it should be admitted that after 1917 their living conditions deteriorated significantly. It was that latter period that saw the greater part of negatively connoted lexemes and the first usage of swear words in the texts by certain authors. Nevertheless, it is noteworthy that Russia’s intelligentsia of the period – that, ideally, was to ensure the nation’s progress – was not taken seriously by either of the authorities in power.

The purpose of this article is to describe the hierarchy of the original and localized film text based on the French film discourse. The relevance of the research is due to the insufficient study of discourse hierarchy, namely, film discourse hierarchy and its distinctive components. The paper describes the hierarchical system of the source subspace film text (SFT) and that of the localized film text (LFT) within the framework of film discourse study. Methods of observation, description, discourse analysis, comparison, continuous sampling and quantitative calculation have been implemented. A comprehensive analysis of the hierarchy of the SFT and LFT based on the French films of the period 1962–2024 has been carried out both at the level of small-format (film title, synopsis, slogan, poster, trailer) and at the level of full-format texts (film) including their equivalents localized into Russian. The SFT acts as a higher level of hierarchy in all the French film types of discourse and serves as the basic text for creating a LFT in the case of a film title, synopsis, slogan, poster, and trailer of a movie since the existence of LFT without SFT of these units appears to be impossible. As an additional criterion for determining the hierarchy of SFT and LFT in the case of a film title and slogan, we consider a semantic connection with the film author’s idea (message), which confirms the conclusion about the SET higher position in the hierarchy. If a new movie slogan is created at the box office of another country, we find it impossible to establish a hierarchy between SFT and LFT due to the loss of the semantic relation of SFT to LFT. The analysis of the SFT and LFT hierarchy of the film showed a higher hierarchical position of the original film in relation to the localized version due to a more complete semantic and pragmatic content and the impact of the original film on the viewer and a more complete transfer of the authors’ original idea to them. The results of the research can be used in the analysis of the source and localized text in various types of discourse and the creation of educational materials on discourse analysis for learners of Linguistics.

This research discusses the process of naming in the sphere of painting in general and an artwork in particular. We have designated the artwork as a ‘creolised text’ consisting of two parts: non-verbal and verbal (artionym). In the process of its creation, a work of art goes a complex way of encoding the artist’s thoughts and feelings into material form, which involves embodiment of the image, the ‘spirit’ of the painting, into the phenomenon of art with the help of canvas and colours. The verbal part of the creolised text, seeming elementary at first, is in fact quite complex, because in the process of evolution the artionym has turned from a simple description of what is depicted into somewhat philosophical discourse, a unique piece of art history discourse, inscribed in the catalogue of world culture. Moreover, in the process of naming, the artionym is adapted from one language into another, since the new foreign-language word must remain adequate to the source, capable of reflecting not only the artist’s intention and the range of feelings conveyed by them, but also of fitting into a different language system with its associative-verbal links and the parameters of museum discourse. After all, even a comparative analysis of basic human emotions (happiness, resentment, joy, love) demonstrates, according to ethnolinguists, a specific ‘heat of passions’: an Englishman smiles at happiness, while a Russian ‘soars on wings’. Thus, in the process of translation we observe a complex transformation of a visual image into a word-text where other linguistic and non-linguistic spheres of cognition of the picture’s meaning are involved. The translation of an artionym should become understandable to a representative of another language and culture and at the same time be as weighty and complementary to the image of the original picture, and here the translator in the process of naming should take into account both linguistic and cultural traditions of the recipient language.

The present study focuses on Russian-English language interference in the context of strengthening English as the global language of online communication.

The relevance of the research stems from the demand in scientific research on the dynamics of language contact between Russian and English in online-communication, as well as on linguistic tendencies in the system of modern Russian language. The research aims to identify and analyze lexical and grammatical aspects in Russian-English language interference in online-communication. The research methods were chosen in accordance with the aim, tasks and nature of the study: continuous sampling, complex analysis of extralinguistic factors of language interference, comparative analysis. The study shows that text-messages and posts in online-communication tend to resemble spoken language, which indicates that Internet users are seeking to close the gap between online and offline communication. It demonstrates that internet users implement foreign language units to dissociate from emotionally loaded utterances as well as to express a specific grammatical or lexical semantic unit not found in their native language. To facilitate sentences one also uses syntax models which are foreign for the native language. The consequences of language interference are rather specific. The studied material shows that interference units are used repeatedly to a large extent. This implies that such language units, on the one hand, tend to be part of the speaker’s individual vocabulary and, on the other hand, they may become linguistic norm. The research argues that Russian has a tendency to move towards more analytic language paradigms, predominantly through involuntary reduction of the case system in the spoken language.

The paper presents a semantic analysis of the Yakut lexemes expressing reindeers of a certain sex and/or age as compared to the corresponding lexemes in Turkic, Tungusic, and Mongolic languages. The study is based on explanatory, bilingual, and etymological dictionaries of the languages of interest. Descriptive, comparative, and contrastive methods as well as purposive sampling were used. Our research shows that there are two main ways to express a reindeer’s sex and age; one of them is heteronomy, or lexical suppletion, e.g. ньуоҕурхана ‘a four-year-old doe’. This method is characteristic of the respective vocabulary in Tungusic languages. The second method of word formation, known as lexical-syntactic, uses combinations of two or more words: буур таба ‘male deer’, тыһы таба taba ‘female deer’, etc. These combinations have a common origin in Turkic languages and are widely used in the literary Yakut language. The Yakut language uses composite words including the stems meaning ‘male’ or ‘female’ as their first parts; e.g. тыһы ‘female’, атыыр ‘male’ (тыһы үөҥэс ‘a three-year-old female reindeer’, атыыр таба ‘a male reindeer’).

Our analysis has revealed semantic similarities and differences of each lexical unit with the meaning ‘a reindeer of a certain age or sex’ in different Altaic languages. It has turned out that the names of a reindeer’s sex, as well as those used for young animals are of Turkic origin. We have also found some common Altaic stems. Specified age names of male and female reindeers in Yakut dialects are usually regionally restricted and are often words borrowed from Evenki or Even. Further research may involve other Turkic and Mongolic languages in order to study the reindeer vocabulary in both historical and typological perspectives.

The linguistic analysis of attributive constructions presented in the article is meant to be a kind of aide for studying human cognitive activity. It demonstrates by what parameters and signs a person perceives and distinguishes oneself from a class of their kind. The purpose of the article is to identify the degree of integration of adjectives with ulakhan ‘big’ seme in Yakut human consciousness. The object of the study is the cognitive features and possibilities of attributive constructions with the adjective ulakhan ‘big ‘. The subject of the study is the attributive constructions with adjectives meaning ulakhan ‘big’ in Yakut. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that in Yakut attributive constructions have not been studied in the structural and semantic perspective yet.

It is pointed out that the nominal attribute ulakhan ‘big ‘ has the most free compatibility, it is a universal word, compared with other parametric adjectives. The adjective ulakhan ‘big’, describing the “world of big things”, is used to characterize the size of an object in relation to its length, width, thickness, depth, etc. 100% semantic similarity with this adjective was shown by the parametric adjectives Diric ‘deep’ and emis ‘thick, plump’, swan ‘thick’, modu ‘thick, strong’. As for the most common adjectives, such as yhyn ‘long’; elongated ‘, urduk ‘ high’, haly’ large in volume, thick ‘, kuuste’ strong ‘ they denote ‘large’ only in some contexts.

The presented adjectival, despite the fact that it has a wide synonymic range, can replace a fairly large number of adjectives, through which the representation of not only visual, but also of internal qualities of the subject is achieved. It has been revealed that an attributive construction is a phrase that expresses an attributive relation, i.e. the relation not only of quality or quantity, but also of possession. For example, the adjectival ulakhan ‘big’ is used instead of possessives with the affix of possession -laah (elbeh nehiliennyeleh ‘multi-populated’, elbeh kihileh ‘multi-loving’, etc.).

The collective research project “Armenian Text of Russian Poetry” is dedicated to the development of an integrated lexicographic digital representation model of a local text, which forms the basis for a unique universal system describing semantic and stylistic characteristics of a special corpus of poetic texts never collected before. The textual scientific novelty of the project consists in creating the most complete open corpus of poetic works of Russian literature dedicated to Armenia, accompanied by various dictionaries and indexes: the frequency dictionary, the dictionary of onyms, lexical combinations frequency index, the dictionary of images, and the bibliography. The research novelty lies in the development of an original model for the systematic description of named and unnamed entities that tend to semanticize and form plot. This description is based on the analysis of frequent vocabulary and is supplemented by a literary analysis, allowing to objectively identify the constants of the local text. The compiled corpus of texts is accompanied by a comprehensive lexicographic database – the system of dictionaries and indexes, both traditional (a frequency dictionary of corpus vocabulary, the dictionary of onyms (toponyms and anthroponyms), the image index with the lexeme Armenia and unique ones (the index of lexical combinations that mark common language, situational or authorian associations with the constants of the Armenian text). The architecture of the system is designed taking into account the task of building an integrated digital representation of a local text, a separate specific module is implemented to solve each subtask, while the architecture of the information system for presenting the results of representation allows to apply the model to the analysis of any local text, which, in its turn, has potentially wide application in digital textual research. The form of the unique material representation is an Internet website, where the entire description model of the local text with all the databases is publicly available. The variants of the role model access to the system assume appropriate capabilities of a particular user to perform administrative actions and actions related to the intended usage of the software product; the functionality of the software application provides for the expansion of the system according to the requests of philologists.

The present study pertains to the field of oenological discourse, which is defined by its focus on the description of wine production and tasting represented by a variety of text types and stylistic genres. Drawing on a representative corpus of wine descriptions, the authors seek to reveal the typical language used to specify the organoleptic properties of wine, such as aroma and flavour. Due to the lack of specialized items denoting subtleties of smell and taste, metaphors are lavishly used, mostly synaesthetic ones. Ontological metaphors are also present, mapping qualities of humans or inanimate objects on wine. Apart from metaphors, association-based references to various fruit, berries, and flowers are quite common. All the metaphors and associations occur in a limited set of grammatical construction types. The study explores correlations between particular grammatical constructions, metaphor types, and thematical sections of wine descriptions (aroma, flavour, aftertaste). To this purpose, two computational techniques have been applied: distributional semantics and cluster analysis. The former has shown that associations play a central role in rendering wine aroma, synaesthetic metaphors are instrumental in specifying both aroma and flavour, while ontological metaphors are occasionally used to characterize flavour and aftertaste. Metaphor types and grammatical constructions are shown to be inter-related. Besides, aroma and flavour descriptions often happen to be dependent on wine colour (red, white, rose). The application of cluster analysis has corroborated the above-mentioned link between metaphor types and grammatical constructions. Some clusters also tend to be thematically homogeneous, reflecting a particular aspect of perception, e.g. aftertaste or wine body. Thus, the methods applied have yielded compatible results. The study demonstrates the validity of computational techniques in analyzing thematic text varieties and opens up the prospects of their automatic generation.

The article features the cognitive signs of the concept ‘health’ in the linguistic consciousness of teenagers (13–16 y.o.) operated for congenital heart disease and their conventionally healthy peers. It is the first of its kind linguistic study of the concept of health in the worldview of patients vs. their healthy counterparts. The associative field of the concept was based on a directed associative experiment that featured the word “health” as stimulus. The research objective was to identify the effect of health status on the cognitive signs of the concept in the linguistic consciousness of teenagers. The general population included 167 associates from 56 teenagers with congenital heart disease and 135 reactions from their 56 healthy peers. In both groups, the core of the concept included signs related to medical treatment and a healthy lifestyle or sports; however, the children with congenital heart disease gave more reactions related to the body and its functioning. The conventionally healthy teenagers provided a richer thematic classification, lexical diversity, and personal attitude. Verbs were almost entirely absent from both reaction groups, which might indicate that modern teenagers perceive health as something they cannot affect, despite giving numerous associates related to sports and healthy life style. With regard to the value component, the teenagers with congenital heart disease associated health with life while their healthy peers associated it with happiness. For children with congenital heart disease, health is a condition of survival, which depends more on doctors than on themselves and is in constant dichotomy to illness.

This article investigates direct object acquisition by adult learners of Russian as a second language (L2). Students of different proficiency levels (A1-C1) took part in the experimental study and their data was compared with that produced by the L1 speakers. It found that verb valency, as well as learner proficiency levels, significantly impact this process. Verbs with 5–6 object types demonstrate more differences between L1 and L2 groups than verbs with 3–4 object types, indicating a link between verb valency and acquisition difficulty. Object types used by low proficiency level speakers turned out not to be always the most common or frequent in standard Russian, as the most common types do not equal the simplest ones. The distribution of direct object types was only partly affected by the proficiency level. L2 learners of almost any level appeared to be familiar with different direct object types. It claims that non-accusative, peripheral object types, like infinitives, do not depend on the language proficiency level, regardless of their frequency.

A Dictionary of Spanish Place Names by Luis de Orueta ranks among the currently known reference publications on the toponymy of Spain and has no analogues in modern Spanish-language toponomastic lexicography in terms of the classification of the material contained. This is the result of many years of work by the author, a broadly educated researcher of the National Library of Spain. The English-language Dictionary presents 5,000 of the most commonly used alphabetically organized geographical names, which form the basis of the Spanish toponymic layer. Each article provides information reflecting all currently known versions of the etymology of a name, and indicates the province to which it belongs. The dictionary is intended for a wide range of readers, mainly specialists in the field of the Spanish language.

Modern linguistics is the result of the ongoing processes of the subject and linguistic research methodology expansion, growing interrelations with rapidly developing cognitive and computer sciences. These processes inevitably affect terminology, increasing the total number of terms used in linguistics, raising instability and semantic variability of many of them. In such circumstances, the task of putting together and systematizing the terminology of the science of language becomes extremely urgent. The substantial work by S. V. Lesnikov ‘The Metalanguage of Linguistics’, discussed in the paper, is an important milestone on this path. The work is based on the material that include linguistic sources from 1755 to 2021 (vocabularies, manuals, encyclopedias, glossaries, etc.), as well as publications in one of the main Russian linguistic journals “Voprosy Jazykoznanija” for 1952–2021. The proposed review article analyzes the structure, principles of organization, functionality, and some prospects for the development and use of the created metalinguistic terminological base.